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Ann Parry Owen

1607: Gorlifiad Bryste, Seren Gynffonnog a Thywydd Eithafol

Updated: Jun 3, 2022

[for the English version, please scroll down]


Cofnodwyd y darn byr hwn yn gynnar yn yr 17 ganrif gan yr ysgrifydd John Jones o Gellilyfdy, sir y Fflint, yn llawysgrif Peniarth 254. Mae’n disgrifio digwyddiadau rhyfeddol y flwyddyn 1607. (Dehonglais y dyddiadau gan ddefnyddio calendr Thomas Evans, Hendreforfudd (1596) ar ddechrau Peniarth 187.)


§1. 1606. Pan oedd oed Crist mil chwechant a chwech, o bobtv i Ddyddgwyl Bawl, i tarodd y mor allan y Mrvsto ac mewn amryw leoedd eraill val i bv kolleidion mawr ar ddynion a da.

§2. Ac yn y kynhaiaf hragwyneb yr ymddangossodd seren gynffonnoc rhwnge y gogledd a’r gorllewin, a hynny oedd ynghylch Dyddgwyl Vair Ddiwaethaf. A’r tymor hwnnw vv lawoc iawn fal na chad hav ond ychydig amyd.

§1. Ac o bobtv i Wyl Andras y vlwyddyn honno y dechrevodd hi rewi yn dost iawn, ac eira mawr hefyd ac vo rewodd y pryd hynny y prif avonydd mowrion i gyd val ir oeddid yn tramwy dros Demys a phob karaeds, ac yn mynd dros Dal y Kafn hyd ar yr jaf a thros Lynn Tegid a thros Ddyfrdwy o’r tv vchaf i bont Gaer, val ir oeddyd yn chware pel draed yn emyl y kawse.

§4. A llawer o ddefaid ac anifeiliaid a vvant veirw y vlwyddyn honno, sef 1607, a’r brain a’r adar hevyd a vvuant veirw val i bydde anodd iawn gael gweled yr haf (1608 rhac wyneb) vn vwyalchen nac aderyn bronfraith yn vyw.


Diweddariad i Gymraeg heddiw:


§1. 1606. Pan oedd oed Crist mil chwe chant a chwech, o gwmpas Dygwyl Pawl [25 Ionawr], fe lifodd y môr dros y tir ym Mryste ac mewn nifer o lefydd eraill, fel y bu colledion mawr o ran dynion a da byw.

§2. Ac yn ystod y cynhaeaf canlynol fe ymddangosodd seren gynffonnog rhwng y gogledd a’r gorllewin, ac roedd hynny o gwmpas Dygwyl Fair Ddiwethaf [8 Medi]. A bu’r tymor hwnnw’n lawiog iawn, fel na bu modd hau ond ychydig ŷd cymysg.

§3. Ac o gwmpas Gŵyl Andras [30 Tachwedd] y flwyddyn honno, fe ddechreuodd hi rewi’n galed iawn, a bu eira mawr hefyd. A’r pryd hynny fe rewodd y prif afonydd mawrion i gyd, fel bod pobl yn teithio ar draws afon Tafwys gyda phob math o gerbydau, ac yn teithio dros Tal-y-cafn ar yr iâ, a thros Lyn Tegid a thros afon Dyfrdwy o’r ochr uchaf i bont Caer, fel roedd rhai yn chwarae pêl-droed yn ymyl y cawsai.

§4. A bu llawer o ddefaid ac anifeiliaid farw yn y flwyddyn honno, sef 1607, a’r brain a’r adar hefyd a fu farw, fel y byddai’n anodd iawn gweld yr un fwyalchen nac aderyn bronfraith yn fyw yr haf canlynol, 1608.


Ambell sylw


Yn §1 sonnir am orlifiad y môr ym Mryste a'r ardal gyfagos ym mis Ionawr 1607 (sef 1606 yn ôl y calendr Julian). Mae rhai yn dadlau mai llanw uchel yn cyd-daro â thywydd stormus a achosodd y gorlifiad, ond mae eraill yn dadlau mai tsunami a’i hachosodd. Mae dadleuon cryf gan y ddwy ochr. Gellir darllen mwy yma. Roedd Brysto yn ffurf gyffredin yn Gymraeg ar yr enw Bristol, sy'n dod o Bristow neu Brigstow yn wreiddiol.

Yn §2 sonnir am seren gynffonnog a ymddangosodd ym mis Medi. Gallwn fod yn sicr mai comed Halley oedd hon – er nad oedd Edmond Halley wedi ei eni eto i roi ei enw iddi. Mewn astudiaeth o gynaeafau’r cyfnod 1480 i 1619, nododd W.G. Hoskins fod cynhaeaf 1607 wedi bod yn llwm iawn.


Yn §3 sonnir am aeaf caled 1607–8, pan rewodd afon Tafwys. Mae John Jones yma’n sôn am bob math o gerbydau yn croesi’r afon dros y rhew, ond hefyd fe gynhelid ffeiriau ar y rhew. Yng nghronicl Bryste ceir cofnod o'r cyfnod am aeaf 1607–8: ‘November the 20th 1607 began a frost which lasted till February 8 following at which time the River of Severn and Wye were so hard frozen that people did pass on foot from side unto the other and played gambols and made fires to roast meat upon the ice.’


Roedd Tal-y-cafn yn Nyffryn Conwy yn fan croesi pwysig dros afon Conwy, a byddai fferi yn cludo teithwyr dros yr afon nes codi pont yno yn 1897. Pêl draed oedd y ffurf arferol am ‘bêl droed’ ers talwm – yn yr un modd ag y dywedwn ni siop lyfrau am book shop y Sais.


1607: The Bristol Flooding, a Comet and Extreme Weather


This short account was written early in the 17th century by the scribe John Jones of Gellilyfdy, Flintshire, in NLW Peniarth MS 254. It describes the remarkable events of the year 1607. (I interpreted the dates using Thomas Evans of Hendreforfudd's calendar (1596), which can be seen at the beginning of Peniarth 187.)


§1. 1606. Pan oedd oed Crist mil chwechant a chwech, o bobtv i Ddyddgwyl Bawl, i tarodd y mor allan y Mrvsto ac mewn amryw leoedd eraill val i bv kolleidion mawr ar ddynion a da.

§2. Ac yn y kynhaiaf hragwyneb yr ymddangossodd seren gynffonnoc rhwnge y gogledd a’r gorllewin, a hynny oedd ynghylch Dyddgwyl Vair Ddiwaethaf. A’r tymor hwnnw vv lawoc iawn fal na chad hav ond ychydig amyd.

§1. Ac o bobtv i Wyl Andras y vlwyddyn honno y dechrevodd hi rewi yn dost iawn, ac eira mawr hefyd ac vo rewodd y pryd hynny y prif avonydd mowrion i gyd val ir oeddid yn tramwy dros Demys a phob karaeds, ac yn mynd dros Dal y Kafn hyd ar yr jaf a thros Lynn Tegid a thros Ddyfrdwy o’r tv vchaf i bont Gaer, val ir oeddyd yn chware pel draed yn emyl y kawse.

§4. A llawer o ddefaid ac anifeiliaid a vvant veirw y vlwyddyn honno, sef 1607, a’r brain a’r adar hevyd a vvuant veirw val i bydde anodd iawn gael gweled yr haf (1608 rhac wyneb) vn vwyalchen nac aderyn bronfraith yn vyw.


A loose translation:


§1. 1606. When Christ was aged one thousand six hundred and six, around the Conversion of St Paul [25 January], the sea flooded the land in Bristol and in a number of other places so that there were great losses of men and livestock.

§2. And during the following harvest a comet appeared between the north and the west, and that was around the Nativity of the Virgin Mary [8 September]. And that season was very rainy, so that only a little mixed corn could be sown.

§3. And around St Andrew’s Day [30 November] that year, it started to freeze severely, and there was also a lot of snow. At that time all the major rivers froze, so that people travelled across the Thames with all kinds of carriages, and travelled over Tal-y-cafn on the ice, and over Llyn Tegid and over the River Dee on the upper side of Chester bridge, so that people played football next to the causeway.

§4. And many sheep and animals died in that year, 1607, and the crows and birds also died, so it would be very difficult to see even one blackbird or thrush alive the following summer, 1608.


Some notes


§1 describes the sea flooding the land in Bristol and the surrounding area in January 1607 (1606 according to the Julian calendar). Some argue that the flooding was caused by a high tide coinciding with stormy weather, but others argue that it was in fact caused by a tsunami. Both sides have strong arguments. You can read further about it here. In the past Brysto was often used in Welsh for Bristol, originally Bristow or Brigstow.

[from A true Report of Certain Wonderfull Ouerflowings, 1617; Jisc Historical Texts]


§2 refers to a comet (literally a ‘star with a tail’) that appeared in September. We can be certain that this was Halley’s Comet – but Edmond Halley had not yet been born to give it his name! In a study of harvests between 1480 and 1619, W.G. Hoskins stated that the harvest of 1607 was indeed very poor.


§3 describes the severe winter of 1607–8, when the river Thames froze over. John Jones here mentions all kinds of vehicles crossing the river over the ice – this was the time of the famous Thames Frost Fairs. In the fairly contemporary Bristol Chronicle, for winter 1607–8, it was reported: ‘November the 20th 1607 began a frost which lasted till February 8 following at which time the River of Severn and Wye were so hard frozen that people did pass on foot from side unto the other and played gambols and made fires to roast meat upon the ice.’


Tal-y-cafn in the Conwy Valley was an important crossing point on the river Conwy, and a ferry would carry passengers across the river until a bridge was built there in 1897. Pêl draed, rather than today’s pêl droed, was the usual form of the word for ‘football’ – in the same way as we have siop lyfrau (books shop) for the English book shop.



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